Kouji Yasuyama    Department   Kawasaki University of Medical Welfare  ,    Position   Professor with Special Assignment
Article types	原著
Language	English
Peer review	Peer reviewed
Title	Synaptic connections between pigment-dispersing factor-immunoreactive neurons and neurons in the pars lateralis of the blowfly Protophormia terranovae.
Journal	Formal name：The Journal of Comparative Neurology Abbreviation：J. Comp. Neurol ISSN code：00219967
Volume, Issue, Page	491(4),pp.390-399
Author and coauthor	Hamanaka Yoshitaka, Yasuyama Kouji, Numata Hideharu, Shiga Sakiko
Publication date	2005/10
Summary	In females of the blow fly Protophormia terraenovae, neurons with cell bodies in the pars lateralis (PL) projecting to the retrocerebral complex (designated as PL neurons) are necessary for the induction of reproductive diapause under short-day and low-temperature conditions. In the present study, neural connections between PL neurons and pigment-dispersing factor (PDF)-immunoreactive neurons were examined via immunolight microscopy and immunoelectron microscopy combined with backfills through the cardiac-recurrent nerve. Immunolight microscopy showed that fibers of PL neurons overlapped with PDF-immunoreactive fibers in the dorsolateral region of the superior protocerebral neuropil. immunoelectron microscopy showed that PDFimmunoreactive fibers formed output synapses with fibers of PL neurons and unlabeled neurons in a region dorsoanteriorly located with respect to the calyx of the mushroom body. The distribution of synaptic connections between PDF-immunoreactive fibers and the fibers of PL neurons was sparse. According to the projection patterns, PDF-immunoreactive fibers with synaptic connections with PL neurons appeared to originate from PDF-immunoreactive neurons with cell bodies at the base of the medulla of the optic lobe (medulla PDF neurons), which are putative circadian clock neurons in P. terraenovae. PDF immunoreactivity was restrictively detected in dense-core vesicles but not in clear synaptic vesicles. The present results suggest that medulla PDF neurons convey time or photoperiodic information to PL neurons for diapause induction through direct synaptic connections.
DOI	10.1002/cne.20712