Faculty Information - Kazuhito Tsuboi

（Last updated : 2024-03-08 12:35:14）

Kazuhito Tsuboi
Department Kawasaki Medical School Kawasaki Medical School, Department of Pharmacology,

Position Associate Professor

■ Present specialized field

Pharmacology, Medical biochemistry, Pharmaceutical hygiene and biochemistry, Applied biochemistry , Pharmaceutical chemistry and drug development sciences (Key Word：Lipid Biological Chemistry)

■ BooK

1.	2022/09/25	Assay of NAAA activity., Methods Mol. Biol., Vol. 2576, Endocannabinoid Signaling: Methods and Protocols 2nd Edition.
2.	2022/04/01	Involvement of the γ isoform of cPLA₂ in the biosynthesis of bioactive N-acylethanolamines., A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Raphael Mechoulam: The Father of Cannabinoid and Endocannabinoid Research
3.	2020/11/16	Inhibition of NAPE-PLD activity by natural compounds and synthetic drugs, and its biological relevance., Drug Discovery Series No. 76. New tools to interrogate endocannabinoid signalling–from natural compounds to synthetic drugs.
4.	2016/03/11	Assay of NAAA activity., Methods Mol. Biol., Vol. 1412, Endocannabinoid Signaling: Methods and Protocols.
5.	2014/09	Metabolic enzymes for endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like mediators., The Endocannabinoidome: The World of Endocannabinoids and Related Mediators.
6.	2009	The N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA)., Cannabinoids in Nature and Medicine.
7.	2002	Role of prostanoids on female reproduction revealed by receptor-deficient mice., Recent Research Developments in Endocrinology.
Display 5 items
Display all(7)

■ Journal

1.	2024/02/17	A fluorogenic substrate for the detection of lipid amidases in intact cells.
2.	2023/06/20	Genetic ablation of Saposin-D in Krabbe disease eliminates psychosine accumulation but does not significantly improve demyelination
3.	2023/05/16	GDE7 produces cyclic phosphatidic acid in the ER lumen functioning as a lysophospholipid mediator.
4.	2022/12/25	A simple enzyme assay for glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 and GDE7 using fluorescent substrate
5.	2021/10/18	Development of a selective fluorescence-based enzyme assay for glycerophosphodiesterase family members GDE4 and GDE7.
6.	2021/09/28	Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 2 positively regulates interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13-induced STAT6 phosphorylation.
7.	2021/09/20	ATF4-mediated transcriptional regulation protects against β-cell loss during endoplasmic reticulum stress in a mouse model.
8.	2021/08/29	Inhibition of acid ceramidase elicits mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in pancreatic cancer cells.
9.	2021/08/27	Involvement of the γ isoform of cPLA₂ in the biosynthesis of bioactive N-acylethanolamines.
10.	2021/05/24	Involvement of acid ceramidase in the degradation of bioactive N-acylethanolamines.
11.	2020/06	Growth differentiation factor 15 facilitates lung fibrosis by activating macrophages and fibroblasts.
12.	2019/12	Intracellular Ca²⁺-dependent formation of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines by human cytosolic phospholipase A₂epsilon.
13.	2019/09	Chronic treatment with alpha-lipoic acid improves endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation of aortas in high-fat diet-fed mice.
14.	2019/04	The role of intracellular anionic phospholipids in the production of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines by cytosolic phospholipase A₂epsilon.
15.	2019/02	2-Hydroxylated fatty acids as candidates of novel drugs to promote chemosensitivity of gastric cancer.
16.	2018/10	Endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines: biological activities and metabolism.
17.	2018/05	Phosphatidylserine-stimulated production of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines by Ca²⁺-dependent N-acyltransferase.
18.	2018/01	The biosynthetic pathways of N-acylethanolamines in mammals.
19.	2017/12	Peripheral tissue levels and molecular species compositions of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine and its metabolites in mice lacking N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine-specific phospholipase D.
20.	2017/12	Mammalian enzymes responsible for the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines.
21.	2017/09	An involvement of phospholipase A/acyltransferase family proteins in peroxisome regulation and plasmalogen metabolism.
22.	2017/06	Inflammation of peripheral tissues and injury to peripheral nerves induce diferring effects in the expression of the calcium-sensitive anandamide-synthesising enzyme and related molecules in rat primary sensory neurons.
23.	2017/04	GPR120 in adipocytes has differential roles in the production of pro-inflammatory adipocytokines.
24.	2016/12	Calcium-dependent generation of N-acylethanolamines and lysophosphatidic acids by glycerophosphodiesterase GDE7.
25.	2016/12	A quantitative study on splice variants of N-acylethanolamine acid amidase in human prostate cancer cells and other cells.
26.	2016/11	Comparative analyses of isoforms of the calcium-independent phosphatidylethanolamine N-acyltransferase PLAAT-1 in humans and mice.
27.	2016/08	Immunoreactivity of glucose transporter 8 is localized in the epithelial cells of the choroid plexus and in ependymal cells.
28.	2015/07	Interaction of phospholipase A/acyltransferase-3 with Pex19p: a possible involvement in the downregulation of peroxisomes.
29.	2015/05	Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 as a novel lysophospholipase D: a possible involvement in bioactive N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis.
30.	2014/04	New players in the fatty acyl ethanolamide metabolism.
31.	2013/12	Involvement of phospholipase A/acyltransferase-1 in N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine generation.
32.	2013/05	Metabolisms of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines: Canonical and alternative pathways.
33.	2013/02	Biosynthetic pathways of bioactive N-acylethanolamines in brain.
34.	2012/09	Generation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine by members of the phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT) family.
35.	2012/06	Lipophilic amines as potent inhibitors of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase.
36.	2012/05	Endogenous molecules stimulating N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA).
37.	2012/01	Regulation of peroxisomal lipid metabolism by catalytic activity of tumor suppressor H-rev107.
38.	2012/05	Discrimination between two endocannabinoids.
39.	2011/11	Enzymological analysis of the tumor suppressor A-C1 reveals a novel group of phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes.
40.	2011/10	Enzymatic formation of N-acylethanolamines from N-acylethanolamine plasmalogen through N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D-dependent and -independent pathways.
41.	2011/09	Studies on the anorectic effect of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine in mice.
42.	2011/01	Biosynthesis and degradation of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol.
43.	2010/12	Enzymological studies on the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamines.
44.	2010/11	Kinetic scaffolding mediated by a phospholipase C-beta and Gq signaling complex.
45.	2010/10	N-acylethanolamine metabolism with special reference to N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA).
46.	2009/12	Characterization of the human tumor suppressors TIG3 and HRASLS2 as phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes.
47.	2009/08	Enzymatic formation of anandamide.
48.	2009/04	The tumor suppressor gene H-Rev107 functions as a novel Ca²⁺-independent cytosolic phospholipase A_1/2 of the thiol hydrolase type.
49.	2008/11	Amino acid residues crucial in pH regulation and proteolytic activation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase.
50.	2008/11	Expression and secretion of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase in human prostate cancer cells.
51.	2008/01	The stimulatory effect of phosphatidylethanolamine on N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD).
52.	2007/11	Proteolytic activation and glycosylation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a lysosomal enzyme involved in the endocannabinoid metabolism.
53.	2007/08	The N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA).
54.	2007/06	Discovery and characterization of a Ca²⁺-independent phosphatidylethanolamine N-acyltransferase generating the anandamide precursor and its congeners.
55.	2007/05	Predominant expression of lysosomal N-acyletanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase in macrophages revealed by immunochemical studies.
56.	2007/01	Molecular characterization of a novel lysosomal enzyme degrading the anti-inflammatory lipid mediator N-acylethanolamine.
57.	2006/05	Functional analysis of the purified anandamide-generating phospholipase D as a member of the metallo-beta-lactamase family.
58.	2006/04	Cyclooxygenase isozymes are expressed in human myeloma cells but not involved in anti-proliferative effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors.
59.	2005	Involvement of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase in the degradation of anandamide and other N-acylethanolamines in macrophages.
60.	2005	Regional distribution and age-dependent expression of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D in rat brain.
61.	2005/06	Endocannabinoid-related enzymes as drug targets with special reference to N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D.
62.	2005/06	A second N-acylethanolamine hydrolase in mammalian tissues.
63.	2005/03	Molecular characterization of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase, a novel member of the choloylglycine hydrolase family with structural and functional similarity to acid ceramidase.
64.	2004	Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamine by sequential actions of phospholipase A₂ and lysophospholipase D.
65.	2004/04	N-Cyclohexanecarbonylpentadecylamine: a selective inhibitor of the acid amidase hydrolysing N-acylethanolamines, as a tool to distinguish acid amidase from fatty acid amide hydrolase.
66.	2004	Molecular Characterization of a Phospholipase D Generating Anandamide and Its Congeners.
67.	2003	Esters, retroesters and a retroamide of palmitic acid: pool for the first selective inhibitors of N-palmitoylethanolamine-selective acid amidase.
68.	2003/07	Role of prostaglandin H₂ synthase 2 in murine parturition: study on ovariectomy-induced parturition in prostaglandin F receptor-deficient mice.
69.	2003/03	Expression of messenger RNA for prostaglandin E receptor subtypes EP4/EP2 and cyclooxygenase isozymes in mouse periovulatory follicles and oviducts during superovulation.
70.	2002/08	Prostanoid receptor subtypes.
71.	2002/04	Expression of L-histidine decarboxylase in mouse male germ cells.
72.	2002/04	The prostaglandin receptor EP4 suppresses colitis, mucosal damage and CD4 cell activation in the gut.
73.	2002	Prostaglandin E₂and F_2alpha in mouse reproduction
74.	2000/01	Uterine expression of prostaglandin H₂ synthase in late pregnancy and during parturition in prostaglandin F receptor-deficient mice
75.	1998/09	Impaired febrile response in mice lacking the prostaglandin E receptor subtype EP3.
76.	1998	Female reproduction in mice lacking the prostaglandin F receptor: roles of prostaglandin and oxytocin receptors in parturition.
77.	1997/08	Failure of parturition in mice lacking the prostaglandin F receptor.
78.	1997/03	Cellular localization of mRNAs for prostaglandin E receptor subtypes in mouse gastrointestinal tract.
Display 5 items
Display all(78)

■ Presentation

1.	2023/03/14	Mechanism of decreased expression of the lipid mediator-degrading enzyme in fibrotic lung （Poster notice，General）
2.	2022/11/24	Pathophysiological analysis of Saposin D-deficient Twitcher mice （Speech，General）
3.	2022/11/11	Glycerophosphodiesterase 7 produces cyclic phosphatidic acid in the ER lumen （Poster notice，General）
4.	2022/11/11	Role of senescent alveolar epithelial cells in pulmonary fibrosis （Poster notice，General）
5.	2022/09/09	A novel fluorogenic probe to monitor the activity of acid ceramidase, fatty acid amide hydrolase and N-acylethanolamine acid amidase. （Poster notice，General）
6.	2022/06/26	Acid ceramidase as a third N-acylethanolamine hydrolase in cells and tissues （Poster notice，General）
7.	2022/03/28	Hydrolysis of anti-inflammatory and anorexic N-acylethanolamines by acid ceramidase as revealed by using saposin D-deficient mice （Poster notice，General）
8.	2022/03/08	Hydrolytic activity of acid ceramidase on N-acylethanolamines, anti-inflammatory and anorexic lipid mediators: an analysis using saposin D-knockout mice （Poster notice，General）
9.	2022/03/08	Development of a simple assay to measure glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 and GDE7 activities for screening their Inhibitors （Poster notice，General）
10.	2022/03/08	The crosstalk between Il-4/IL-13 and S1P/S1P₂ signaling in phorbol ester-treated THP-1 MΦs （Poster notice，General）
11.	2022/03/07	Analysis of the role of macrophage senescence in lung fibrosis using macrophage-specific p16 knockout mice （Poster notice，General）
12.	2021/11/04	Involvement of γ isoform of cPLA₂ in the biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamine （Speech，General）
13.	2021/11/03	Analysis of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing activity using saposin D-deficient mice （Poster notice，General）
14.	2021/11/03	Fluorescence-based enzyme activity assay for glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 and GDE7 （Poster notice，General）
15.	2021/11/03	S1P₂-Rho kinase pathway is necessary for full activation of STAT6 by IL-4/IL-13 in THP-1 macrophages （Poster notice，General）
16.	2021/11/03	The effect of p16 overexpression on gene expression of fibrosis-related factors in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages （Poster notice，General）
17.	2021/04/27	Role of acid ceramidase in the hydrolysis of anti-inflammatory and anorexic N-acylethanolamines （Poster notice，General）
18.	2021/04/27	The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate type 2 receptor on IL-4/IL-13-stimulated STAT6 phosphorylation in phorbol12-myristate13-acetate-treated THP-1 cells （Poster notice，General）
19.	2021/04/27	Growth differentiation factor 15 activates macrophages and fibroblasts （Poster notice，General）
20.	2021/03/29	Changes in expression of fibrosis-related factors in p16 forced-expression cells （Poster notice，General）
21.	2021/03/09	Transcription factor ATF4 maintains pancreatic β-cell identity during ER stress （Speech，General）
22.	2021/03/08	The role of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 2 on interleukin (IL)-4/IL-13-induced STAT6 phosphorylation in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated THP-1 cells （Poster notice，General）
23.	2021/03/08	Changes in expression of fibrosis-related factors in alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages by forced expression of p16 （Poster notice，General）
24.	2020/10/03	Inhibition of sphingolipid metabolism has ceramide-induced anti-tumor effect on pancreatic cancer cells. （Speech，General）
25.	2020/09/16	Acid ceramidase hydrolyzes N-acylethanolamines, a group of anti-inflammatory and anorexic lipid mediators, in cells and tissues （Speech，General）
26.	2020/03/17	Role of acid ceramidase in the degradation of N-acylethanolamines, a group of anti-inflammatory and anorexic lipid mediators. （Abstract Only，General）
27.	2020/03/17	Altered gene expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtypes in ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal interstitial fibrosis in mice. （General）
28.	2019/07/21	Anionic phospholipids enhance the production of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamines by cytosolic phospholipase A₂epsilon. （Poster notice，General）
29.	2019/06/19	Multiple pathways for N-acylethanolamine biosynthesis from N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine: tissue-dependent contribution of each pathway. （Poster notice，General）
30.	2019/06/19	Expression of lysophosphatidic acid receptor subtypes in ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal fibrosis in mice. （Poster notice，General）
31.	2019/03/23	The effect of growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) on lung fibrosis. （Poster notice，General）
32.	2019/03/16	The role of growth/differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) in lung fibrosis. （Poster notice，General）
33.	2018/07/05	Microarray analysis in bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. （Poster notice，General）
34.	2018/07/04	Biosynthesis of N-acylethanolamine and lysophosphatidic acid by glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 and GDE7. （Poster notice，General）
35.	2018/07/02	Gender difference of vascular functional changes in diabetic condition. （Poster notice，General）
36.	2018/07/02	Characterization of cytosolic phospholipase A₂epsilon: phosphatidylserine-stimulated production of N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. （Speech，General）
37.	2017/06/23	Characterization of isoforms of the calcium-independent N-acyltransferase PLAAT-1 in humans and mice. （Poster notice，General）
38.	2016/11/07	Phospholipase A/acyltransferase-3 regulates peroxisome levels by inhibiting Pex19p. （Poster notice，General）
39.	2016/06/28	A possible involvement of acid ceramidase in the degradation of N-acylethanolamines. （Poster notice，General）
40.	2015/07/01	Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 is a novel lysophospholipase D-type enzyme generating N-acylethanolamines. （Speech，General）
41.	2015/02/12	Glycerophosphodiesterase GDE4 is a novel lysophospholipase D generating N-acylethanolamine and LPA. （Speech，General）
42.	2015/02/12	Regulation of peroxisome levels by PLA/acyltransferase-3. （Speech，General）
43.	2015/02/11	Development of a fluorescence-based assay system for acid ceramidase activity. （Poster notice，General）
44.	2015/02/11	PLA/acyltransferase family proteins are involved in generation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine in living cells. （Poster notice，General）
45.	2014/07/01	Peroxisomal dysfunction by PLA/AT family proteins is not related to their NAPE-forming N-acyltransferase activity. （Poster notice，General）
46.	2013/06/25	Generation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine by members of PLA/AT-1 in mammalian cells. （Speech，General）
47.	2012/07/26	Generation of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine by members of phospholipase A/acyltransferase (PLA/AT) family. （Speech，General）
48.	2012/07/25	Biosynthetic pathways of N-acylethanolamines from N-acylated plasmalogen phospholipid. （Poster notice，General）
49.	2012/07/25	Lipophilic amines as inhibitors of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). （Poster notice，General）
50.	2012/07/25	Stimulatory effects of phospholipids and dihydrolipoic acid on N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). （Poster notice，General）
51.	2011/07/06	The tumor suppressor A-C1 has an N-acyltransferase activity involved in NAPE formation. （Poster notice，General）
52.	2010/07/25	Human tumor suppressors have a NAPE-forming N-acyltransferase activity. （Poster notice，General）
53.	2010/06/28	Biochemical analysis of Galpha-q mutants for the interaction with PLCbeta: The functional link between the catalytic activity and GAP activity of the effector. （Abstract Only，General）
54.	2010/06/09	Identification of the human tumor suppressors TIG3 and HRASLS2 as phospholipid-metabolizing enzymes. （Poster notice，General）
55.	2009/07/10	Amino acid residues important for pH dependency and proteolytic maturation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA). （Poster notice，General）
56.	2009/07/10	The tumor suppressor H-rev107 functions as phospholipase A1/2 with a low N-acyltransferase activity. （Poster notice，General）
57.	2009/07/10	Expression of anandamide-related enzymes in human prostate cancer cells. （Poster notice，General）
58.	2009/06/07	Biochemical analysis of Galpha-q-Y261L mutant using a new Galpha-i/q chimera, Galpha-i/qL （Poster notice，General）
59.	2009/05/25	Characterization of the tumor suppressor H-rev107 as a novel Ca²⁺-independent cytosolic phospholipase A_1/2. （Speech，General）
60.	2009/05/25	The tumor suppressor H-rev107 functions as a novel Ca²⁺-independent cytosolic phospholipase A_1/2. （Poster notice，General）
61.	2008/06/26	Regulation of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase (NAAA) by proteolysis and glycosylation. （Poster notice，General）
62.	2008/04/04	Identification of Galpha-q mutants specifically uncoupled with PLCbeta and GRK2 （Poster notice，General）
63.	2007/06/27	Discovery of a calcium-independent phosphatidylethanolamine N-acyltransferase (iNAT). （Speech，General）
64.	2007/06/27	Immunochemical studies reveal predominant expression of lysosomal N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase in macrophages. （Poster notice，General）
65.	2006/11/25	Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel lysosomal enzyme hydrolyzing anandamide and other bioactive N-acylethanolamines. （Poster notice，General）
66.	2006/11/25	Expression analysis of N-acylethanolamine-generating phospholipase D in rat brain. （Poster notice，General）
67.	2006/06/25	Purification and characterization of recombinant NAPE-PLD expressed in Escherichia coli. （Poster notice，General）
68.	2006/06/21	Molecular characterization of a novel lysosomal enzyme hydrolyzing anandamide and other bioactive N-acylethanolamines. （Poster notice，General）
69.	2006/06/21	Purification and characterization of the recombinant anandamide-generating phospholipase D. （Poster notice，General）
70.	2006/05/26	Molecular biological studies on the anandamide-generating phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). （Speech，Panelist at Symposium/Workshop (Appointed)）
71.	2006/04/11	Cyclooxygenase isozymes expressed in human myeloma cells are not involved in anti-proliferative effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors. （Poster notice，General）
72.	2005/12/08	Enzymes involved in the metabolism of anandamide. （Speech，Panelist at Symposium/Workshop (Appointed)）
73.	2005/06/24	Molecular cloning and characterization of N-acylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase. （Speech，General）
74.	2005/06/24	Expression analysis of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D in rat brain regions. （Speech，General）
75.	2004/10/06	Molecular cloning and expression of a novel phospholipase D releasing anandamide. （Speech）
76.	2004/06/27	A second N-acylethanolamine hydrolase: characterization and development of selective inhibitors. （Speech，Panelist at Symposium/Workshop (Appointed)）
77.	2004/06/23	Characterization of N-palmitoylethanolamine-hydrolyzing acid amidase and development of its inhibitors. （Speech，General）
78.	2004/06/23	Molecular cloning and characterization of N-acylphosphatidylethanolamine-hydrolyzing phospholipase D (NAPE-PLD). （Speech，General）
79.	2004/06/23	Oleoylethylamide, an analgesic FAAH inhibitor which modulates endogenous anandamide, oleoylethanolamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol levels in the brain. （Speech，General）
80.	2004/06/23	Biosynthesis of anandamide and N-palmitoylethanolamine by sequential actions of phospholipase A₂ and lysophospholipase D. （Poster notice，General）
81.	2003/06/25	Enzymatic studies on an anandamide biosynthetic pathway via N-acyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine. （Speech，General）
82.	2003/04/04	Trifluoromethylketone derivatives as fatty acid amide hydrolases inhibitors: synthesis and pharmacological evaluation. （Poster notice，General）
83.	2002/08/23	Enzymological studies on endocannabinoid metabolism. （Speech）
84.	2002/07/11	Activation of N-acylethanolamine-releasing phospholipase D by polyamines. （Poster notice，General）
85.	2001/09/24	The role of prostaglandin receptors and prostaglandin H₂ synthase in the mouse female reproductive system. （Speech，Panelist at Symposium/Workshop (Appointed)）
86.	2000/11/26	The role of prostaglandin receptors and prostaglandin H₂ synthase in mouse female reproductive system. （Speech）
87.	1998/07/26	Generation of the mice lacking each of the four subtypes of the prostaglandin E receptor. （Poster notice）
Display 5 items
Display all(87)